Relative Density (Dr) measures what aspect of granular soil?

Relative Density (Dr) is a critical parameter that measures the densification of granular soil compared to its total possible compaction. It provides insight into how densely the soil can be packed, which is particularly essential for evaluating the soil's behavior under load and determining its strength characteristics.

The concept of relative density is calculated using the formula:

[ D_r = \frac{(e_{max} - e)}{(e_{max} - e_{min})} \times 100 ]

where ( e ) is the current void ratio of the soil, ( e_{max} ) is the void ratio of the loosest state, and ( e_{min} ) is the void ratio of the densest state. This calculation allows engineers to understand how effectively soil has been compacted compared to its potential maximum and minimum states.

By measuring how close the current state of the soil is to its maximum possible density, relative density aids in predicting the behavior of granular materials in different loading and saturation conditions. It is particularly useful in geotechnical engineering when assessing soil suitability for foundations, embankments, and other structures.